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Psychology Practice Exam From the 2013 Administration This Practice Exam is provided by the College Board for AP Exam preparation. Teachers are permitted to download the materials and make copies to use with their students in a classroom setting only. To maintain the security of this exam, teachers should collect all materials after their administration and keep them in a secure location . Exams may not be posted on school or personal websites, nor electronically redistributed for any reason. Further distribution of these materials outside of the secure College Board site disadvantages teachers who rely on uncirculated questions for classroom testing. Any additional distribution is in violation of the College Board’s copyright policies and m ay result in the termination of Practice Exam access for your school as well as the removal of access to other online services such as the AP Teacher Community and Online Score Reports .
Contents Exam Instructions Student Answer Sheet for the Multiple -Cho ice Section Secti on I: Multiple -Choice Questions Section II: Free- Response Questions Multiple -Choice Answer Key Free -Response Scoring Guidelines Scoring Worksheet Note: This publication shows the page numbers that appeared in the 2012−13 AP Ex a m In structions book and in the actual exam. This publication was not repaginated to begin with page 1. © 2013 The College Board. College Board, Advanced Placement Program, AP, SAT and the acorn logo are registered trademarks of the College Board. All other products and services may be trademarks of their respective owners. Permission to use copyrighted College Board materials may be requested online at: www.collegeboard.com/inquiry/cbpermit.html.
B Exam Instructions The following contains instructions taken from the 2012−13 AP Exam Instructions book.
221 AP® Psychology Exam Regularly Scheduled Exam Date: Monday afternoon, May 6, 2013Late-Testing Exam Date: Friday morning, May 24, 2013 Section I: At a Glance Total Time: 1 hour, 10 minutes Number of Questions: 10 0 Percent of Total Score: 66.6% Writing Instrument: Pencil required Section I: Multiple Choice Booklet Instructions Section I of this exam contains 100 multiple-choice questions. Fill in only the circles for numbers 1 through 100 on your answer sheet. Indicate all of your answers to the multiple-choice questions on the answer sheet. No credit will be given for anything written in this exam booklet, but you may use the booklet for notes or scratch work. After you have decided which of the suggested answers is best, completely fill in the corresponding circle on the answer sheet. Give only one answer to each question. If you change an answer, be sure that the previous mark is erased completely. Use your time effectively, working as quickly as you can without losing accuracy. Do not spend too much time on any one question. Go on to other questions and come back to the ones you have not answered if you have time. It is not expected that everyone will know the answers to all of the multiple-choice questions. Your total score on the multiple-choice section is based only on the number of questions answered correctly. Points are not deducted for incorrect answers or unanswered questions. Section II: At a Glance Total Time: 50 minutes Number of Questions: 2 Percent of Total Score: 33.3% Writing Instrument: Pen with black or dark blue ink We i g ht : The questions are weighted e qu a l ly. Section II: Free Response Booklet Instructions The questions for Section II are printed in this booklet. You may use page 3 and the unlined pages of this booklet to organize your answers and for scratch work, but you must write your answers on the lined pages provided for each question. Begin each answer on the lined page facing the question. The questions are repeated for your convenience. Write clearly and legibly. Do not skip lines. Cross out any errors you make; crossed-out work will not be scored. Manage your time carefully. Divide your time about equally between the two questions. You may proceed freely from one question to the next. You may review your responses if you finish before the end of the exam is announced.
What Proctors Need to Bring to This Exam • • • • • • • Exam packets Answer sheets AP Student Packs 2012-13 AP Coordinator’s Manual This book — AP Exam Instructions School Code and Home-School/Self- Study Codes Pencil sharpener • • • • • • Extra No. 2 pencils with erasers Extra pens with black or dark blue ink Lined paper Stapler Wa t c h Signs for the door to the testing room – – “Exam in Progress” “Cell phones are prohibited in the testing room” SECTION I: Multiple Choice ! Do not begin the exam instructions below until you have completed the appropriate General Instructions for your group. Make sure you begin the exam at the designated time. If you are giving the regularly scheduled exam, say: It is Monday afternoon, May 6, and you will be taking the AP Psychology Exam. If you are giving the alternate exam for late testing, say: It is Friday morning, May 24, and you will be taking the AP Psychology Exam. In a moment, you will open the packet that contains your exam materials. By opening this packet, you agree to all of the AP Program’s policies and procedures outlined in the 2012-13 Bulletin for AP Students and Parents . You may now remove the shrinkwrap from your exam packet and take out the Section I booklet, but do not open the booklet or the shrinkwrapped Section II materials. Put the white seals aside. . . . Carefully remove the AP Exam label found near the top left of your exam booklet cover. Now place it on page 1 of your answer sheet on the dark blue box near the top right-hand corner that reads “AP Exam Label.” If students accidentally place the exam label in the space for the number label or vice versa, advise them to leave the labels in place. They should not try to remove the label; their exam will be processed correctly. Read the statements on the front cover of Section I and look up when you have finished. . . . Sign your name and write today’s date. Look up when you have finished. . . . Now print your full legal name where indicated. Are there any questions? . . . 222 Psychology
Turn to the back cover and read it completely. Look up when you have finished. . . . Are there any questions? . . . Section I is the multiple-choice portion of the exam. You may never discuss these specific multiple-choice questions at any time in any form with anyone, including your teacher and other students. If you disclose these questions through any means, your AP Exam score will be canceled. Are there any questions? . . . You must complete the answer sheet using a No. 2 pencil only. Mark all of your responses beginning on page 2 of your answer sheet, one response per question. Completely fill in the circles. If you need to erase, do so carefully and completely. No credit will be given for anything written in the exam booklet. Scratch paper is not allowed, but you may use the margins or any blank space in the exam booklet for scratch work. Are there any questions? . . . You have 1 hour and 10 minutes for this section. Open your Section I booklet and begin. 12 6 3 9 No te Start Time here . Note Stop Time here . Check that students are marking their answers in pencil on their answer sheets, and that they are not looking at their shrinkwrapped Section II booklets. After 1 hour and 10 minutes, say: Stop working. Close your booklet and put your answer sheet on your desk, face up. Make sure you have your AP number label and an AP Exam label on page 1 of your answer sheet. I will now collect your answer sheet. Collect an answer sheet from each student. Check that each answer sheet has an AP number label and an AP Exam label. Then say: Now you must seal your exam booklet. Remove the white seals from the backing and press one on each area of your exam booklet cover marked “PLACE SEAL HERE.” Fold each seal over the back cover. When you have finished, place the booklet on your desk, face up. I will now collect your Section I booklet. . . . Collect a Section I booklet from each student. Check that each student has signed the front cover of the sealed Section I booklet. There is a 10-minute break between Sections I and II. When all Section I materials have been collected and accounted for and you are ready for the break, say: Please listen carefully to these instructions before we take a 10-minute break. Everything you placed under your chair at the beginning of the exam must stay there. Leave your shrinkwrapped Section II packet on your desk during the break. You are not allowed to consult teachers, other students, or textbooks about the exam during the break. You may not make phone calls, send text messages, check email, use a social networking site, or access any electronic or communication device. Remember, you are not allowed to discuss the multiple-choice section of this exam. If you do not follow these rules, your score could be canceled. Are there any questions? . . . 223 AP Exam Instructions PSYCHOLOGY
126 3 9 You may begin your break. Testing will resume at . SECTION II: Free Response After the break, say: May I have everyone’s attention? Place your Student Pack on your desk. . . . You may now remove the shrinkwrap from the Section II packet, but do not open the exam booklet until you are told to do so. . . . Read the bulleted statements on the front cover of the exam booklet. Look up when you have finished. . . . Now place an AP number label on the shaded box. If you don’t have any AP number labels, write your AP number in the box. Look up when you have finished. . . . Read the last statement. . . . Using your pen, print the first, middle and last initials of your legal name in the boxes and print today’s date where indicated. This constitutes your signature and your agreement to the statements on the front cover. . . . Turn to the back cover and complete Item 1 under “Important Identification Information.” Print the first two letters of your last name and the first letter of your first name in the boxes. Look up when you have finished. . . . In Item 2, print your date of birth in the boxes. . . . In Item 3, write the school code you printed on the front of your Student Pack in the boxes. . . . Read Item 4. . . . Are there any questions? . . . I need to collect the Student Pack from anyone who will be taking another AP Exam. You may keep it only if you are not taking any other AP Exams this year. If you have no other AP Exams to take, place your Student Pack under your chair now. . . . While Student Packs are being collected, read the information on the back cover of the exam booklet. Do not open the booklet until you are told to do so. Look up when you have finished. . . . Collect the Student Packs. Then say: Are there any questions? . . . You have 50 minutes to complete Section II. It is suggested that you divide your time equally between the two questions. You may use page 3 and the unlined pages of this booklet to organize your answers and for scratch work, but you must write your answers on the lined pages provided for each question. Begin each answer on the lined page facing the question. 224 Psychology
The questions are repeated for your convenience. You are responsible for pacing yourself, and you may proceed freely from one question to the next. You must write your answers in the exam booklet using a pen. If you need more paper during the exam, raise your hand. At the top of each extra piece of paper you use, be sure to write only your AP number and the number of the question you are working on. Do not write your name. Are there any questions? . . . You may begin. 126 3 9 N ote Start Time here . Note Stop Time here . Check that students are using pens to write their answers in their exam booklets. After 40 minutes, say: There are 10 minutes remaining. After 10 minutes, say: Stop working and close your exam booklet. Place it on your desk, face up. . . . If any students used extra paper for the free-response section, have those students staple the extra sheet/s to the first page corresponding to that question in their exam booklets. Then say: Remain in your seat, without talking, while the exam materials are collected. . . . Collect a Section II booklet from each student. Check for the following: • • Exam booklet front cover: The student placed an AP number label on the shaded box, and printed his or her initials and today’s date. Exam booklet back cover: The student completed the “Important Identification Information” area. When all exam materials have been collected and accounted for, return to students any electronic devices you may have collected before the start of the exam. If you are giving the regularly scheduled exam, say: You may not discuss these specific free-response questions with anyone unless they are released on the College Board website in about two days. Your AP score results will be delivered online in July. If you are giving the alternate exam for late testing, say: None of the questions in this exam may ever be discussed or shared in any way at any time. Your AP score results will be delivered online in July. If any students completed the AP number card at the beginning of this exam, say: Please remember to take your AP number card with you. You will need the information on this card to view your scores and order AP score reporting services online. Then say: You are now dismissed. 225 AP Exam Instructions PSYCHOLOGY
All exam materials should be put in secure storage until they are returned to the AP Program after your school’s last administration. Before storing materials, check the “School Use Only” section on page 1 of the answer sheet and: • • Fill in the appropriate section number circle in order to access a separate AP Instructional Planning Report (for regularly scheduled exams only) or subject score roster at the class section or teacher level. See “Post-Exam Activities” in the 2012-13 AP Coordinator’s Manual. Check your list of students who are eligible for fee reductions and fill in the appropriate circle on their registration answer sheets. 226 Psychology
B Student Answer Sheet for the Multiple -Choice Section Use this section to capture student responses. (Note that the following answer sheet is a sample, and may differ from one used in an actual exam.)
B Section I: Multiple -Choice Questions This is the multiple -choice section of the 201 3 AP exam. It includes cover material and other administrative instructions to help familiarize students with the mechanics of the exam. (Note that future exams may differ in look from the following content.)
AP ® Psychology Exam 2013 SECTION I: Multiple Choice DO NOT OPEN THIS BOOKLET UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO DO SO. At a Glance Total Time1 hour, 10 minutes Number of Questions100 Percent of Total Score66.6% Writing InstrumentPencil required Instructions Section I of this exam contains 100 multiple-choice questions.Fill in only the circles for numbers 1 through 100 on your answer sheet. Indicate all of your answers to the multiple- choice questions on the answer sheet.No credit will be given for anything written in this exam booklet, but you may use the booklet for notes or scratch work. After you have decided which of the suggested answers is best, completely fill in the corresponding circle on the answer sheet. Give only one answer to each question. If you change an answer, be sure that the previous mark is erased completely. Here is a sample question and answer. Use your time effectively, working as quickly as you can without losing accuracy. Do not spend too much time on any one question. Go on to other questions and come back to the ones you have not answered if you have time. It is not expected that everyone will know the answers to all of the multiple- choice questions. Your total score on the multiple- choice section is based only on the number of questions answered correctly. Points are not deducted for incorrect answers or unanswered questions. Form I Form Code 4JBP4-S 85
Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. -4- PSYCHOLOGY SECTION I Time — 1 hour and 10 minutes 100 Questions Directions: Each of the questions or inco mplete statements below is followe d by five suggested answers or completions. Select the one that is best in each case and then fill in the corresponding circle on the answer sheet. 1. According to Erik Erikson, in late adulthood the individual reaches the eighth and final stage of the life span in which one reviews and evaluates one’s life and the choices one has made. Erikson labeled this stage (A) initiative versus guilt (B) integrity versus despair (C) generativity versus stagnation (D) identity versus role confusion (E) intimacy versus isolation 2. When community psychologists refer to primary prevention, t hey are describing which of the following goals? (A) Keeping disorders from developing (B) Detecting and treating disorders early (C) Reducing the harm of psychological disorders to the individual and society (D) Ensuring that psychotherapy is available to all who seek it (E) Developing group therapies 3. Which of the following is t rue of a neuron in the resting state? (A) The inside of the cell membrane is negative compared to the outside. (B) The outside of the cell membrane is negative compared to the inside. (C) The concentration of sodium ions is equal inside and outside of the cell membrane. (D) Both the sodi um and the potassium channels are open. (E) The neuron is not po larized. 4. Luz, a math major, sees the drawing above as a Venn diagram. Her brother, an art major, sees it as two circles. The difference in perception is an example of (A) synesthesia (B) stereotyping (C) stimulus variables (D) top-down processing (E) feature detection 5. Transforming frustrated urges, especially sexual urges, into more socially acceptable forms of behavior is the defense mechanism known as (A) rationalization (B) displacement (C) intellectualization (D) suppression (E) sublimation
Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. -5- 6. Which monocular depth cue is illustrated in the figure above? (A) Accommodation (B) Texture gradient (C) Relative size (D) Interposition (E) Linear perspective 7. A group of friends watched a recent episode of a crime investigation show and concluded that they would have been able to figure out who was responsible for a crim e more proficiently than did the television investigators. The friends’ overestimation of their ability to determine who committed the crime is most likely due to a reasoning error known as (A) the availability heuristic (B) hindsight bias (C) confirmation bias (D) cognitive dissonance (E) actor-observer bias 8. Reuptake of a neurotransmitter refers to (A) absorption of the neurotransmitter into the dendrites of the receiving neuron (B) absorption of the neurotransmitter into the terminal buttons of the sending neuron (C) release of the neurotransmitter by the soma of the originating neuron (D) the rate at which a neurotransmitter is created for use by a neuron (E) the rate at which a neurotransmitter is broken down metabolically in the neuron 9. Which of the following individuals would most likely be classified as exhibiting a social phobia? (A) Pablo, who is afraid of snakes (B) Priti, who is afraid of being humiliated when giving a speech (C) Chrissie, who avoids long flights on airplanes (D) Lisa, who is afraid of giving blood (E) Masato, who is always worried about her health 10. Which of the following would be detrimental to an individual’s maintenanc e of high self-esteem? (A) Setting unrealistic personal goals (B) Believing the cause of failure to be an unstable trait (C) Attempting always to think positively (D) Accepting personal st rengths and weaknesses (E) Setting personal standards 11. Marie has to assemble a shelf but cannot find her screwdriver. Which of the following would help her complete this task? (A) Confirmation bias (B) Functional fixedness (C) Rigidity (D) Divergent thought (E) Mental set 12. A child’s sex is genetically determined by the (A) mother (B) father (C) paternal grandmother (D) maternal gran dfather (E) maternal grandmother 13. In general, trait theories emphasize which of the following? (A) The changing and temporary nature of human characteristics (B) The role of current environmental conditions in controlling behavior (C) The lasting nature of personal characteristics (D) Identity confusion (E) Early childhood experiences
Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. -6- 14. The graph above depicts the extent to which individuals in groups of various sizes exerted themselves while they performed a certain task. What does the information illustrate? (A) Social loafing (B) Social facilitation (C) Group polarization (D) Groupthink (E) Minority influence 15. Researchers looking to create a drug to reduce the symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease would most likely focus their efforts on which of the following neurotransmitters? (A) Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) (B) Serotonin (C) Norepinephrine (D) Dopamine (E) Acetylcholine 16. Delusional thinking is central to which of the following? (A) Fugue states (B) Panic attacks (C) Schizophrenic disorders (D) Dissociative disorders (E) Affective disorders 17. In visual perception, size constancy occurs as an object comes closer to the viewer because the (A) image on the retina becomes smaller (B) image on the retina remains constant in size (C) perceived distance of the object becomes greater (D) perceived distance of the object becomes smaller (E) perceived distance of the object remains constant 18. The two sentences “Elena won the race” and “The race was won by Elena” share which of the following structures? (A) Sentence (B) Syntactic (C) Surface (D) Deep (E) Phonemic 19. A monkey’s choosing a ci rcle from an array of geometric shapes in order to be rewarded with a banana is an example of (A) stimulus habituation (B) stimulus discrimination (C) positive transference (D) disinhibition (E) latent learning 20. A sound is of ten detected by one ear more intensely and a fraction of a second earlier than it is detected by the other ear. These cues help individuals determine the (A) pitch of the sound wave (B) timbre of the sound wave (C) absolute threshold for sound perception (D) frequency of the sound wave (E) location of the source 21. Juana accidentally t ouched a hot iron. She immediately drew back her hand. Which of the following is true about the withdrawal of her hand? (A) It was initiated in the motor cortex. (B) It was initiated in the spinal cord. (C) It was a voluntary behavior. (D) It was due to instructions from the brain. (E) It was an operantly conditioned response.
Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. -7- 22. Research finds that, in general, the higher an incoming college student scores on a given test, the higher the student’s college grade point average (GPA). Which of the following best describes this relationship? (A) A bimodal distribution (B) A normal distribution (C) A skewed distribution (D) A positive correlation (E) A negative correlation 23. All of the foll owing are anxiety disorders EXCEPT (A) agoraphobia (B) posttraumatic stress disorder (C) conversion disorder (D) obsessive-compulsive disorder (E) panic disorder 24. Which of the following statements is supported by research on homosexuality? (A) There is a correlation between sexual orienta- tion and early childhood problems. (B) There is a correlation between the sexual orientation of a child and the sexual orientation of his or her adoptive parents. (C) There is a correlation between sexual orienta-tion and the size of the cer ebellum. (D) It is possible that high levels of dopamine influence sexual orientation. (E) Studies of twins have shown a genetic predis- position to homosexuality. 25. Individ uals who exhibit a strong moral sense, accept themselves as they are, are deeply democratic in nature, and are willing to act independently of social and cultural pressures would be described by Abraham Maslow as (A) real selves (B) ideal selves (C) fully functioning (D) humanistic (E) self-actualized Questions 26-27 are based on the following. Exam Scores 8 6 5 10 5 7 1 5 10 26. A student who scored at the mode would have how many po ints? (A) 3 (B) 5 (C) 6 (D) 8 (E) 10 27. Which of the following is the median score? (A) 1 (B) 5 (C) 6 (D) 8 (E) 10
Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. -8- 28. Which of the following situations describes an approach-avoidance conflict? (A) Mark must decide which of two attractive job offers to accept. (B) Nine-year-ol d Carl must decide which of two distasteful chores to do to avoid being punished by his parents. (C) Fred must select one menu item from among several at a popular restaurant. (D) Anna must decide whether to buy a used car that is in her price range but has several mechanical problems. (E) Sarah must decide how to spend the money she recently won in a lottery. 29. When four-year-old Ch ris grabs a toy car from two-year-old Pat because Chris wants to play with the toy, Chris is demonstrating (A) hostile aggression (B) instrumental aggression (C) social facilitation (D) social inhibition (E) locus of control 30. When confro nted with the sequence “__N __” at the end of a word in a crossword puzzle, Tony inserts the letters “I” and “G” in the two blanks because that procedure has often led to the correct answer in previous puzzles. This example illustrates the use of (A) mental rotation (B) elaborative rehearsal (C) a heuristic (D) a prototype (E) a syllogism 31. Light exp osure therapy is most effective in treating (A) schizophrenia (B) seasonal affective disorder (C) obsessive-compulsive disorder (D) antisocial personality disorder (E) autism 32. In the dark, an object is more clearly seen when viewed in peripheral vision than when viewed directly. This phenomenon occurs because the rods located in the retina are (A) more sensitive in the dark than cones and are not found in the fovea (B) less sensitive in the dark than cones and are not found in the fovea (C) as sensitive in the dark as cones and are few in number in the fovea (D) more numerous than cones are in the fovea (E) as numerous as cones are all over the retina 33. A conscientious objector refuses to engage in combat because he cannot support the taking of human life. His reasoning best illustrates which stage in Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory of moral development? (A) Authoritative (B) Postconventional (C) Concrete operational (D) Conventional (E) Egocentric 34. The fact that imprinting is most cert ain to occur if the opportunity for imprinting is presented to the organism at a very specific age indicates the existence of (A) a schema (B) a reflex (C) an archetype (D) a critical period (E) an unconscious inference 35. The results of Stanley Milg ram’s studies on obedience suggested that (A) obedient people are unable to empathize with others (B) most people resist social coercion (C) most people will not physically harm others even if ordered to do so (D) most people will obey perceived authority figures’ instructions to harm others (E) people usually obey their consciences when allowed to decide whether to follow orders
Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. -9- 36. Primary sex characteristics include which of the following? (A) Deepened voice in males (B) Breast development in females (C) Presence of ovaries (D) Body hair (E) Menopause 37. A disadvantage of longitudinal studies is that (A) differences observed among participants of different ages are usually due to differences in the environment in which they were reared (B) participants who drop out during the course of the study may be different in important ways from ones who do not drop out (C) unfamiliarity with testing situations can put older participants at a disadvantage (D) personality traits do not remain constant across the life span (E) men and women confr ont different develop- mental crises in the course of their lives because of their different social roles 38. A sudden inab ility to remember how to tie a certain kind of knot indicates a deficit in which kind of memory? (A) Declarative (B) Semantic (C) Iconic (D) Episodic (E) Procedural 39. Which of the following co ncepts explains motivation in terms of an organism seeking to maintain its biological equilibrium? (A) Opponent-process (B) Plasticity (C) Homeostasis (D) Incentive (E) Natural selection 40. Activation of the parasympathetic nervous system results in which of the following? (A) An increase in pupil dilation (B) An increase in respiratory rate (C) A decrease in digestion (D) A decrease in salivation (E) A decrease in heart rate 41. Which of the following sets of concepts is central to social learning theory? (A) Observation, imitation, and modeling (B) Fixed interval, variable interval, and fixed ratio (C) Generalization, spont aneous recovery, and discrimination (D) Acquisition, extinction, and counter- conditioning (E) Higher-order learning, negative reinforcement, and variable ratio 42. Stanley Schachter’s e xplanation of emotions places e mphasis on (A) simultaneous arousal and emotional experience (B) the role of the hypothalamus (C) the range of emotions that are genetically inherited (D) a cognitive appraisal of physiological arousal (E) an optimistic explanatory style 43. Which of the following t ypes of disorders is characterized by complaints of bodily symptoms that do not have a detectable medical cause but rather are caused by psychological factors? (A) Anxiety (B) Organic (C) Psychophysiological (D) Somatoform (E) Personality
Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. -10- 44. All of the following are American Psychological Association ethical guidelines for researchers EXCEPT: (A) Research may not involve deception. (B) Participation must be voluntary. (C) Participants must be informed of potential risks. (D) Participants must be offered alternative activities if research participation is a course requirement. (E) Participants’ right to privacy must be protected. 45. In a normal distribution, which of the following statements is true about the area that falls between one standard deviation above and one standard deviation below the mean? (A) It contains the bottom 50% of the distribution. (B) It contains the middle 50% of the distribution. (C) It contains the bottom 68% of the distribution. (D) It contains the middle 68% of the distribution. (E) It is the same as the square of the average deviation. 46. Which of the following characterizes a behavioral approach to psychology? (A) A study of the unconscious motives involved in behavior (B) An introspective study of the mental imagery used in problem solving (C) An analysis of the neurons involved in memory storage (D) The use of a projective test to assess personality (E) A study of how reinforcement affects learning 47. Research on physical attractiveness has shown that (A) most people disregard physical attractiveness when forming first impressions of others (B) judgments of women’s personalities are affected by their physical attractiveness, but judgments of men’s personalities are not (C) desirable personality characteristics are typically ascribed to good-looking people (D) good-looking people tend to be viewed as less intelligent and competent (E) men are less likely than women to make biased judgments of others based on physical appearance 48. Which of the following is required for a psychological experiment? (A) More than one independent variable (B) Sophisticated equipment (C) Highly generalizable results (D) Precise operational definiti ons (E) A longitudinal design 49. In Freudian theory, which of the following components of personality most resembles a conscience or censor? (A) Ego (B) Ego ideal (C) Id (D) Libido (E) Superego 50. A research psychologist generalizes from a particular sample to an entire population. This is an example of (A) statistical inference (B) random sampling (C) a correlational study (D) stratified sampling (E) descriptive statistics
Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. -11- 51. A reason that one typically does not notice a blind spot in the visual field is that (A) the blind spot is very small, and no visual stimuli are likely to be so s mall that the blind spot completely obscures them (B) most visual stimuli affect only one visual hemisphere, and on e hemisphere can cover for the other (C) visual stimuli usually affect the occipital cortex in both hemispheres (D) the blind spot habituates to a stimulus when the head is held still (E) the brain fills in missing information so there is no awareness that the visual field is incomplete 52. Metabolic activity in different areas of the brain can best be visualized by means of (A) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (B) computed tomography (CT) (C) positron emission tomography (PET) (D) electroencephalography (EEG) (E) electrical stimulation of the brain (ESB) 53. A test is administered to 1,000 fourth graders across the country, and then it is readministered to the same children 90 days later. The test-retest results will yield an evaluation of the test’s (A) validity (B) reliability (C) cross-cultural fairness (D) factor analysis (E) goodness of fit 54. Research on electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) has shown that it is most effective for treating which of the following disorders? (A) Conversion (B) Obsessive-compulsive (C) Major depressive (D) Antisocial personality (E) Posttraumatic stress 55. Whenever Sarah’s mo ther answered the phone, Sarah would yell for her mother’s attention and her mother would end the phone conversation. Then Sarah’s mother began ignoring Sarah’s yelling and eventually Sarah stopped behaving that way. The change in Sarah’s behavior is an example of (A) discrimination (B) response generalization (C) systematic desensitization (D) extinction (E) spontaneous recovery 56. A researcher shows the same video of an automobile accident to two different groups of participants. Participants in group one are asked: “Did you see a broken headlight?” Participants in group two are asked: “Did you see the broken headlight?” The researcher finds that participants in group two are much more likely to recall having seen a broken headlight, even though there actually was no broken headlight in the video. The researcher is investigating the effects of which of the following on recall? (A) Algorithms (B) Heuristics (C) Framing (D) Proactive interference (E) The primacy effect 57. The component of intelligence described by Raymond Cattell as involving the ability to understand logical relationships, reason abstractly, and learn quickly is related to which of the following? (A) Mental age (B) Intelligence quotient (C) Fluid intelligence (D) Emotional intelligence (E) Crystallized intelligence
Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. -12- 58. According to the fundamental attribution error, which of the following is most likely to be a student’s explanation for a classmate’s failing exam grade? (A) The classmate was too lazy to study hard. (B) There were too many picky questions on the exam. (C) The classmate was not well. (D) The classmate missed class too often. (E) The classmate had no quiet place to study. 59. The graph above supports which of the following statements? (A) Optimal performance is a function of task difficulty and level of arousal. (B) Difficult tasks require higher than usual levels of arousal for optimal performance. (C) Difficult tasks become easier when arousal is increased. (D) Performance level is independent of task difficulty. (E) Easy tasks require lower than usual levels of arousal for optimal performance. 60. A client whose improvement during therapy is the result of his or her expectation of improvement rather than the result of the therapy itself is showing (A) tardive dyskinesia (B) a placebo effect (C) a disorder in remission (D) negative transference (E) catharsis 61. According to psychoanalytic theory, the bases for the development of mental disorders are (A) maladaptive, learned patterns of behavior (B) social, economic, and cultural factors (C) unconscious conflicts that produce anxiety (D) physiological events that cause chemical imbalances in the brain (E) inherent moral weakness and lack of willpower 62. A fem ale student was rejected by a college because her score on a test used by the college to predict performance there was below the college’s cutoff score. An influential alumnus of the college intervened on the student’s behalf and the student was admitted. Four years later the student graduated with honors. The most likely explanation of this outcome is that the test (A) contained some degree of bias against women (B) had less than perfect validity (C) was partly an achievement test (D) was not standardized (E) had less than perfect reliability
Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. -13- 63. Mark, a flight attendant, began his workday in a bad mood. However, by the end of the day, he felt much happier. According to the facial feedback hypothesis, what may have influenced Mark’s mood? (A) The flight was so full that Mark did not have time to reflect on events that were troubling him. (B) The change in flight altitude helped decrease Mark’s stress. (C) Because it is his job to be courteous to customers, Mark smiled at passengers frequently. (D) Mark helped severa l passengers who then told his supervisor how nice he was. (E) Mark is good friends with some of the other flight attendants, and they cheered him up during the flight. 64. Most tests of personality are in the form of (A) inkblot tests (B) word associat ion tests (C) structured interviews (D) self-report inventories (E) situational analyses 65. Eleanor Gibson and Richard Walk used a visual cliff with a glass-covered drop-off to examine behavior in crawling infants. Even when coaxed by their mothers to crawl out onto the glass covering, most infants refused to do so, indicating that they had developed which of the following? (A) Depth perception (B) Selective attention (C) Perceptual constancy (D) Procedural memory (E) Sensory adaptation 66. Psychologists characterize parents who consis- tently demand their children’s compliance without discussion as (A) indifferent (B) permissive (C) indulgent (D) authoritative (E) authoritarian 67. Most glands in the human body are a part of which system? (A) Circulatory (B) Skeletal (C) Respiratory (D) Renal (E) Endocrine 68. An individual has recurring unwanted thoughts of doing harm to his family. This is consistent with a diagnosis of (A) dissociative identity disorder (B) posttraumatic stress disorder (C) attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (D) somatoform disorder (E) obsessive-compulsive disorder 69. The occipital lobe of the human brain contains the centers for (A) hearing (B) vision (C) olfaction (D) tactile sensation (E) taste
Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. -14- Questions 70-71 are based on the following. A researcher is trying to determine whether a new painkilling medicine is effective in reducing headaches. Twenty adult par ticipants sit in a noisy environment for 30 minutes and then rate the severity of their headaches on a scale from 0 (none) to 5 (intense). Group M (the medicine group) receives a normal dose of the medicine. Group C (the control group) rests quietly. After 20 minutes, all participants again complete the headache rating scale. The statistically significant differences in headache severity on the posttest appear in the graph below. 70. Which of the following is the independent variable in this experiment? (A) The rating of headache severity (B) The medicine (C) The age of the participants (D) The 30 minutes of noise (E) The 20-minute interval 71. Which of the following statements is supported by the results of this experiment? (A) The severity of headaches diminished among the group that received the medicine, whereas the severity of headaches in the control group was unchanged. (B) The groups showed equivalent decreases in the severity of their headaches from pretes to posttest. t (C) The medicine was more effective in reducing the severity of the h eadaches than was quiet rest. (D) The medicine eliminated the headaches of participants to whom it was administered. (E) Quiet rest is not effective in reducing headaches. 72. An individual’s ability to focus on a particular conversation in a noisy and crowded room is called (A) auditory localization (B) dichotic listening (C) deep processing (D) divided attention (E) selective attention 73. The claim that a whole is different from the sum of its parts is central to which of the following schools of thought? (A) Connectionism (B) Functionalism (C) Gestalt psychology (D) Structuralism (E) Behaviorism 74. When Mary was young, h er father was trying to learn how to speak German and would listen to German tapes for hours in her presence. Mary paid very little attention to the tapes. Many years later, when Mary was in Germany, she was able to say a few German words in order to make herself understood. This is an example of (A) procedural memory (B) latent learning (C) regression (D) telegraphic speech (E) retroactive interference 75. Self-help and support groups are an outgrowth of which therapeutic perspective? (A) Psychoanalytic (B) Behavioral (C) Biological (D) Humanistic (E) Cognitive 76. When a person experiences two thou ghts that are incompatible, psychological tension may be produced, leading to an attempt to reconcile the discrepant thoughts. Which of the following concepts best characterizes this response? (A) Approach-avoidance conflict (B) Drive reduction (C) Self-actualization (D) Opponent process (E) Cognitive dissonance
Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. -15- 77. A patient reports constant sleepiness. A series of tests reveal that the patient’s sleep is frequently disrupted by periods of interrupted breathing and brief awakenings. Which of the following diagnoses would account for such symptoms? (A) Somnambulism (B) Sleep terrors (C) Narcolepsy (D) REM behavior disorder (E) Sleep apnea 78. Joseph has blue eyes a nd brown hair and is tall. These characteristics are best described as (A) recessive genes (B) dominant genes (C) mutations (D) genotypic traits (E) phenotypic traits 79. People often have expectations about another person that influence how they act toward that person. Such expecta tions in turn cause that person to behave consistently with the original expectations. The phenomenon is known as (A) a self-fulfilling prophecy (B) mental set (C) the mere-exposure effect (D) hindsight bias (E) social facilitation 80. Which of the following statements best describes the effect of alcohol on human functioning? (A) It depresses the central nervous system. (B) It increases alertness and enhances perception. (C) It facilitates the release of norepinephrine. (D) It depresses the thyroid system. (E) It distorts auditory perception. 81. In Jean Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, which of the following best exemplifies the concept of accommodation? (A) A newborn touched lightly on the right cheek turns his head to the right. (B) An infant reaches out toward the moon as if to grasp it. (C) An infant stops reaching for a toy as soon as it is covered by a cloth. (D) An infant acquires a fear of heights after learning to crawl. (E) An infant trying unsuccessfully to suck her fist opens her mouth wider and is successful. 82. The role of the therapist in cognitive therapy is to (A) identify the client’s irrational beliefs and provide alternative ways of believing (B) provide unconditional positive regard so that the healthy growth-promoting tendencies of the client may be activated (C) interpret the client’s dreams and guide the client through the processes of resistance and transference (D) provide a model of effective functioning and reinforce the client for positive changes (E) prescribe psychoactive drugs that can reduce the level of psychotic ideation 83. In the experiments of Solomon Asch, the tendency of group members to conform was reduced most by which of the following factors? (A) The presence of a single dissenter (B) Frequent interaction among the group members (C) The appointment of a democratic leader (D) A decentralized communication network (E) The threat of punishment
Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. -16- 84. Which of the following correctly pairs subdivisions within the major divisions of the human nervous system? (A) Somatic . . endoc rine and exocrine (B) Central . . somatic and sympathetic (C) Autonomic . . sympathetic and parasympathetic (D) Sympathetic . . parasympathetic and autonomic (E) Peripheral . . central nervous system and the spinal cord 85. Which of the following argues that physiological needs create aroused psychological states that cause us to try to satisfy those needs? (A) Instinct theory (B) Drive theory (C) Arousal theory (D) Incentive theory (E) Hierarchy of needs 86. A dog retrieves the newspaper every day because in the past it received a food reward for this behavior. The dog’s behavior is an example of which of the following? (A) An operant response (B) A discriminative stimulus (C) An unconditioned response (D) An unconditioned stimulus (E) A classically conditioned response 87. As a child, George often skipped school and engaged in repeated acts of vandalism and petty theft. As an adult, he has been arrested for running a dishonest investment company. The most likely diagnosis for George’s current behavior is (A) narcissistic personality disorder (B) antisocial personality disorder (C) borderline personality disorder (D) dissociative identity disorder (E) oppositional defiant disorder 88. Which of the following best reflects contemporary interpretations of classical conditioning? (A) They remain relatively unchanged from earlier interpretations by people like E. L. Thorndike. (B) They are primarily based on the theory of contiguity. (C) They take into account cognitive processes like expectancy. (D) They are in agreement with the interpretations of behaviorists like B. F. Skinner. (E) They make a clear distinction between long-term and short-term memory. 89. Diffusion of responsibility has been used to explain which of the following findings in social psychology? (A) People often conform because of peer pressure. (B) People in a group lose their individual identity and become more cohesive. (C) A person who is alone while witnessing an emergency is more likely to help than if he were part of a group. (D) People often perform better when working in a group than when working alone. (E) Many participants obey a researcher even if the researcher’s instructions might lead to harm for another participant. 90. On a test, the mean score for a class of 100 students is 80 and the standard deviation of the scores is 10. The professor who gave the test then realizes that she made a scoring error, which she corrects by adding 5 points to each student’s score. The standard deviation of the students’ new scores is (A) 5 (B) 10 (C) 10.5 (D) 15 (E) 85
Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. -17- 91. A researcher asks participants to identify red shapes presented on a video screen. Following this, novel objects of various colors are depicted on the screen. Participants correctly identify red objects more quickly than objects of a different color. The result illustrates (A) assimilation (B) modeling (C) priming (D) cone saturation (E) imprinting 92. Of the following topics, which would a cognitive psychologist be most likely to study? (A) Conformity behavior of college students (B) Genetic determinants of behavior (C) Problem-solving strategies in chess (D) Personnel selection problems (E) Maturational processes in adolescent development 93. Research suggests that hypnosis is effective in reducing pain because it (A) induces a state of amnesia (B) synchronizes the functioning of the two cerebral hemispheres (C) interferes with the functioning of brain cells (D) diverts attention from the pain (E) lowers the subject’s level of suggestibility 94. An industrial-organiza tional psychologist would be most likely to study the (A) cognitive development of adults (B) recreational activities in a community center (C) effectiveness of management training (D) industrialization of the United States (E) career development of high school students 95. Which of the following research approaches would be best for testing the hypothesis that the presence of certain odors causes people to gamble more? (A) Experimental (B) Observational (C) Correlational (D) Survey (E) Case study 96. Four-year-old Scott fell down the stairs at his grandmother’s house. Alth ough he was not badly hurt, he was very frightened. Now, whenever his parents mention visiting his grandmother’s house, he feels anxious and fearful. In classical conditioning terms, what are the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) in the scenario, respectively? (A) Grandmother’s house; fear (B) Grandmother’s house; falling (C) Fear; grandmother’s house (D) Falling; anxiety (E) Anxiety; fear
Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. -18- 97. Which of the following refers to the potential of an individual to perform an as-yet-unlearned task? (A) Aptitude (B) Interest (C) Cultural fairness (D) Achievement (E) Projection 98. Which of the following describes the different emotional dispositions of infants? (A) Imprinting (B) Temperament (C) Mental set (D) Instinct (E) Attachment 99. Two-year-old Jia tells her grandmother that she “sweeped” the floor yesterday. The scenario illustrates that children (A) cannot learn grammatical rules during the first two years of life (B) learn language primarily through operant conditioning (C) will model only words used by adults in their environment (D) overgeneralize the use of grammatical rules (E) are not born with an innate language acquisition device 100. Damage to which of the following best explains conduction deafness? (A) Basilar membrane (B) Hammer, anvil, and stirrup (C) Auditory nerve (D) Temporal lobe (E) Central sulcus END OF SECTION I IF YOU FINI SH BEFORE TIME IS CALLED, YOU MAY CHECK YOUR WORK ON THIS SECTION. DO NOT GO ON TO SECTION II UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO DO SO. MAKE SUR E YOU HAVE DONE THE FOLLOWING. PLACED YOUR AP NUMBER LABEL ON YOUR ANSWER SHEET WRITTEN AND GRIDDED YOUR AP NUMBER CORRECTLY ON YOUR ANSWER SHEET TAKEN THE AP EXAM LABEL FROM THE FRONT OF THIS BOOKLET AND PLACED IT ON YOUR ANSWER SHEET • • •
B Section II: Free- Response Questions This is the free-response section of the 2013 AP exam. It includes cover material and other admin istrative instructions to help familiarize students with the mechanics of the exam. (Note that future exams may differ in look from the following content.)
AP ® Psychology Exam 2013 SECTION II: Free Response DO NOT OPEN THIS BOOKLET UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO DO SO. At a Glance Total Time50 minutes Number of Questions2 Percent of Total Score33.3% Writing InstrumentPen with black or dark blue ink WeightThe questions are weighted equally. Instructions The questions for Section II are printed in this booklet.You may use page 3 and the unlined pages of this booklet to organize your answers and for scratch work ,but you must write your answers on the lined pages provided for each question. Begin each answer on the lined page facing the question. The questions are repeated for your convenience. Write clearly and legibly. Do not skip lines.Cross out any errors you make; crossed- out work will not be scored. Manage your time carefully. Divide your time about equally between the two questions. You may proceed freely from one question to the next. You may review your responses if you finish before the end of the exam is announced. Form I Form Code 4JBP4-S 85
-3- THIS PAGE MAY BE USED FOR TAKING NOTES AND PLANNING YOUR ANSWERS. NOTES WRITTEN ON THIS PAGE WILL NOT BE SCORED. WRITE ALL YOUR RESPONSES ON THE LINED PAGES. Question 1 begins on page 4. Question 2 begins on page 12.
Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. -4- PSYCHOLOGY SECTION II Time — 50 minutes Percent of total score — 33 Directions: You have 50 minutes to answer BOTH of the following questions. It is not enough to answer a question by merely listing facts. You shoul d present a cogent argument based on your critical analysis of the questio ns posed, using appropriate psychological terminology. 1. Psy chologists agree that both biol ogy and environment influen ce personality, mental processing, and behavi ors. A. Different biological mechanisms are associated with each of the following. Explain one biological mechanism for each. Defi nitions alone will not score. Aggression Color blindne ss Hunger B. Different e nvironmental factors are a ssociated with e ach of the foll owing. Explain one enviro nmental factor for each. Defi nitions alone will not score. Anorexia nervosa Cont ext-depe ndent m emory Gender role THIS PAGE MAY BE US ED FOR TAKING NOTES AND PLA NNING YOUR ANSWE RS. NOTES WRITTEN ON THIS PAGE WILL NOT BE SCORED. WRITE ALL YOUR RESP ONSES ON THE LINED PAGES. • • • • • •
GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. -5- ANSWER PAGE FOR QUESTION 1
Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. -6- Question 1 is reprinted for your convenience. 1. Psychologists agree that both biol ogy and environment influence personality, mental processing, and behaviors. A. Different biological mechanisms are associated with each of the following. Explain one biological mechanism for each. Definitions alone will not score. Aggression Color blindness Hunger B. Different environmental factors are associated with ea ch of the following. Explain one environmental factor for each. Definitions alone will not score. Anorexia nervosa Context-dependent memory Gender role • • • • • •
GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. -7- ADDITIONAL ANSWER PAGE FOR QUESTION 1
Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. -8- Question 1 is reprinted for your convenience. 1. Psychologists agree that both biol ogy and environment influence personality, mental processing, and behaviors. A. Different biological mechanisms are associated with each of the following. Explain one biological mechanism for each. Definitions alone will not score. Aggression Color blindness Hunger B. Different environmental factors are associated with ea ch of the following. Explain one environmental factor for each. Definitions alone will not score. Anorexia nervosa Context-dependent memory Gender role • • • • • •
GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. -9- ADDITIONAL ANSWER PAGE FOR QUESTION 1
Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. -10- Question 1 is reprinted for your convenience. 1. Psychologists agree that both biol ogy and environment influence personality, mental processing, and behaviors. A. Different biological mechanisms are associated with each of the following. Explain one biological mechanism for each. Definitions alone will not score. Aggression Color blindness Hunger B. Different environmental factors are associated with ea ch of the following. Explain one environmental factor for each. Definitions alone will not score. Anorexia nervosa Context-dependent memory Gender role • • • • • •
GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. -11- ADDITIONAL ANSWER PAGE FOR QUESTION 1
Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. -12- 2. Brianna’s home state was holding a singing competition, and the prize was a recording contract. Brianna loves to sing, but she gets anxious when she sings for strangers and therefore did not want to participate. Brianna felt pressure from her family and friends to compete. A. Explain how each of the following concepts could have influenced Brianna’s decision whether to enter the competition. Negative reinforcement Normative social influence B. Brianna decided to enter the competition. Explain how each of the following may relate to her performance. Adrenal glands Exhaustion stage of general adaptation syndrome (GAS) Schachter and Singer’s two-factor theory of emotion C. Although Brianna rehearsed her song and felt that she sang very well, she was eliminated from the competition. When Brianna tells othe rs about her experience, how might she use the self-serving bias to help explain her elimination? THIS PAGE MAY BE USED FOR TAKING NOTES AND PLANNING YOUR ANSWERS. NOTES WRITTEN ON THIS PAGE WILL NOT BE SCORED. WRITE ALL YOUR RESPONSES ON THE LINED PAGES. • • • • •
GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. -13- ANSWER PAGE FOR QUESTION 2
Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. -14- Question 2 is reprinted for your convenience. 2. Brianna’s home state was holding a singing competition, and the prize was a recording contract. Brianna loves to sing, but she gets anxious when she sings for strangers and therefore did not want to participate. Brianna felt pressure from her family and friends to compete. A. Explain how each of the following concepts could have influenced Brianna’s decision whether to enter the competition. Negative reinforcement Normative social influence B. Brianna decided to enter the competition. Explain how each of the following may relate to her performance. Adrenal glands Exhaustion stage of general adaptation syndrome (GAS) Schachter and Singer’s two-factor theory of emotion C. Although Brianna rehearsed her song and felt that she sang very well, she was eliminated from the competition. When Brianna tells othe rs about her experience, how might she use the self-serving bias to help explain her elimination? • • • • •
GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. -15- ADDITIONAL ANSWER PAGE FOR QUESTION 2
Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. -16- Question 2 is reprinted for your convenience. 2. Brianna’s home state was holding a singing competition, and the prize was a recording contract. Brianna loves to sing, but she gets anxious when she sings for strangers and therefore did not want to participate. Brianna felt pressure from her family and friends to compete. A. Explain how each of the following concepts could have influenced Brianna’s decision whether to enter the mpetition. Negative reinforcement Normative social influence B. Brianna decided to enter the competition. Explain how each of the following may relate to her performance. Adrenal glands Exhaustion stage of general adaptation syndrome (GAS) Schachter and Singer’s two-factor theory of emotion C. Although Brianna rehearsed her song and felt that she sang very well, she was eliminated from the competition. When Brianna tells othe rs about her experience, how might she use the self-serving bias to help explain her elimination? co • • • • •
GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. -17- ADDITIONAL ANSWER PAGE FOR QUESTION 2
Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. -18- Question 2 is reprinted for your convenience. 2. Brianna’s home state was holding a singing competition, and the prize was a recording contract. Brianna loves to sing, but she gets anxious when she sings for strangers and therefore did not want to participate. Brianna felt pressure from her family and friends to compete. A. Explain how each of the following concepts could have influenced Brianna’s decision whether to enter the competition. Negative reinforcement Normative social influence B. Brianna decided to enter the competition. Explain how each of the following may relate to her performance. Adrenal glands Exhaustion stage of general adaptation syndrome (GAS) Schachter and Singer’s two-factor theory of emotion C. Although Brianna rehearsed her song and felt that she sang very well, she was eliminated from the competition. When Brianna tells othe rs about her experience, how might she use the self-serving bias to help explain her elimination? • • • • •
GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. -19- ADDITIONAL ANSWER PAGE FOR QUESTION 2
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